The damper service is the major, deepest service of the suspension (RockShox ~100 h; Fox ~125 h or annual). The damper cartridge —its oil and valves— is serviced and bled. It is usually a shop-level job. It restores consistent damping and removes the air mixed into the oil (cavitation, sloshing). It is the deepest one, as opposed to the lower leg service done far more often; see how often each one is due.
It is the least frequent and deepest service: the one that brings back consistent damping when the suspension starts to slosh.
The damper is the damping cartridge: the one that controls how fast the suspension compresses and rebounds. As the hours add up, its oil degrades and traps air. When air mixes into the oil, cavitation appears: the suspension stops damping consistently, feels spongy and makes the characteristic sloshing noise.
Because it is the deepest service —and because of the bleed— it is usually a shop-level job and done less often than the lower leg service. But it is the one that truly restores the damping, not just the smoothness of the slide.
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The major, deepest service: the damper cartridge —oil and valves— is serviced and bled. It restores the damping and removes air from the oil (cavitation, sloshing).
Usually not: it's normally a shop-level job, because the bleed calls for specific tools and procedure.
RockShox ~100 h and Fox ~125 h or annual; considerably less often than the lower leg service.
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